Emhlabeni Wonke - I-Premier Propylene Glycol: I-Multifunctional Organic Compound

Izakhiwo Zomzimba Nezamakhemikhali

Ukubukeka Nephunga: I-Propylene glycol ibonakala njengoketshezi olungenambala, olubonakalayo, noluqinile. Inokunambitheka okumnandi kancane futhi cishe ayinaphunga, okwenza ifaneleke ukusetshenziswa lapho kudingeka khona iphrofayili yezinzwa ezingathathi hlangothi.

Ukuncibilika: Ibonisa ukuxubana okuhle kakhulu, ikwazi ukuxubana ngokuphelele namanzi, i-ethanol, i-ether, i-acetone, i-chloroform, nezinye izinto eziningi ezincibilikisayo eziphilayo. Lesi sici siyivumela ukuthi isebenze njengesincibilikisi esisebenzayo kanye ne-emulsifier ezinhlotsheni ezahlukene.

Ama-Constant Abalulekile Ezinto Ezibonakalayo: Njengoba inesisindo se-molar esingu-76.09 g/mol, i-propylene glycol inobuningi obungaba ngu-1.036 g/cm³ ku-25°C, obuqine kancane kunamanzi. Iphuzu layo lokuncibilika lingu-59°C, okwenza ukuthi ihlale isesimweni soketshezi ebangeni lokushisa elibanzi. Iphuzu lokubila limi ku-188.2°C ngaphansi kwengcindezi ejwayelekile, okubonisa ukuqina kwayo emazingeni okushisa ajwayelekile emvelo. Iphuzu lokufiphaza liphezulu kakhulu, cishe ku-99°C (ivaliwe - indebe), kunciphisa ingozi yokushisa ngengozi.

Ukusebenza Kwamakhemikhali: Njenge-diol, i-propylene glycol ingabamba iqhaza ezinhlobonhlobo zezimpendulo zamakhemikhali ezivamile emaqenjini otshwala. Ingakha ama-ester uma isabela kuma-carboxylic acid, okubalulekile ekwakhiweni kwemikhiqizo eminingi yezimboni kanye neyabathengi. Ngaphezu kwalokho, ingabhekana nokusabela kokuphelelwa amanzi emzimbeni ngaphansi kwezimo ezithile, okuholela ekwakhekeni kwama-ether ajikelezayo angaphakathi kwama-molecular noma ama-polymer aphakathi kwama-molecular.

Izindawo Zokufaka Isicelo

Imboni Yokudla Neziphuzo: I-Propylene glycol isebenza imisebenzi eminingi kulo mkhakha. Isebenza njengesithambisi-mzimba, isiza ukugcina umswakama emikhiqizweni yokudla efana nezimpahla ezibhakiwe, amaswidi, nezinto zobisi, ngaleyo ndlela yandisa isikhathi sayo sokuphila futhi igcine ukuthungwa. Njengesinyibilikisi, isetshenziselwa ukuncibilikisa ukunambitheka, imibala, kanye nezilondolozi, iqinisekisa ukusatshalaliswa okufanayo ekwakhiweni kokudla neziphuzo. Isibonelo, ivame ukutholakala ezinambithekeni zoketshezi zeziphuzo ezibandayo kanye nomthwali wamafutha abalulekile emikhiqizweni yokudla. Iphinde ivunyelwe njengesengezo sokudla (E1520) e-European Union, futhi ngokuvamile iqashelwa njengephephile (GRAS) yi-US Food and Drug Administration (FDA) uma isetshenziswa ngaphakathi kwemingcele ethile.

Imboni Yezemithi: Emithini yezemithi, i-propylene glycol idlala indima ebalulekile. Isetshenziswa kabanzi njengesithako semithi engancibiliki kalula emanzini, okwenza kube lula ukwakheka kwayo ibe yimithi yomlomo, ejovwayo, kanye nemithi yomlomo. Isibonelo, emithini eminingi yomlomo ewuketshezi, i-propylene glycol isiza ekuncibilikiseni izithako ezisebenzayo zemithi, iqinisekise ukuthi ithathwa kahle. Emithini yomlomo efana nokhilimu namafutha okugcoba, isebenza njengesithako esiphumuzayo nesithuthukisa ukungena, ithuthukisa ukumuncwa kwemithi esikhumbeni. Iphinde ibe nezakhiwo ezithile zokulwa namagciwane kanye ne-antifungal, efaka isandla ekulondolozweni kwemikhiqizo yemithi.

Izimonyo Nokunakekelwa Komuntu Siqu: I-Propylene glycol iyisithako esiyinhloko ezinhlotsheni eziningi zezimonyo kanye nemikhiqizo yokunakekelwa komuntu siqu. Emikhiqizweni yokunakekelwa kwesikhumba efana nama-moisturizer, ama-serum, kanye nama-cleanser, isebenza njenge-humectant, idonsa umswakama emoyeni futhi iwubophe esikhumbeni, ngaleyo ndlela igcine isikhumba sinamanzi. Izakhiwo zayo zokunyibilikisa ziyenza ikwazi ukuncibilikisa izithako ezisebenzayo ezahlukahlukene kanye namaphunga, iqinisekise ukusatshalaliswa kwazo ngokulinganayo emikhiqizweni. Iphinde isetshenziswe emikhiqizweni yokunakekelwa kwezinwele njenge-shampoo kanye nama-conditioner ukuthuthukisa ukuthungwa kwazo nokusiza ekulethweni kwezithako eziwusizo eshalofini lezinwele. Ku-nail polish, i-propylene glycol isebenza njenge-plasticizer, ivimbela i-polish ukuthi ingabi buthakathaka futhi iqhekezeke kalula.

Izicelo Zezimboni: I-Propylene glycol iyisici esibalulekile ekukhiqizweni kwezinto ezahlukahlukene zezimboni. Iyinto eluhlaza ebalulekile ekuhlanganisweni kwama-resin e-polyester angagcwalisiwe, asetshenziswa kabanzi ekukhiqizweni kwepulasitiki eqinisiwe ye-fiberglass. Lawa mapulasitiki athola ukusetshenziswa ezimbonini ezifana nezimoto, ezokwakha, kanye nezasolwandle, ngenxa yesilinganiso sazo samandla aphezulu - kuya kwesisindo kanye nokumelana nokugqwala. Embonini yezimoto, ama-antifreeze kanye nama-coolant asekelwe ku-propylene glycol asetshenziselwa ukulawula izinga lokushisa lezinjini, ukuvimbela ukushisa ngokweqile kanye nokubanda. Iphinde isebenze njengesinyibilikisi kanye nesithwali sezinto zokumboza, uyinki, kanye nezinamathiseli, okuthuthukisa ukusebenza kwazo kanye nezakhiwo zokusetshenziswa kwazo.

Izindlela Zokulungiselela

I-Epoxy Propane Hydrolysis: Lena enye yezindlela ezivame kakhulu zezimboni. Kule nqubo, i-epoxy propane (i-propylene oxide) isabela namanzi lapho kukhona i-catalyst. Ukusabela kungenzeka ngaphansi kwezimo ezahlukene. Ngendlela yokumanzisa amanzi ngqo, kusetshenziswa izinga lokushisa eliphezulu (cishe i-150 - 200°C) kanye nokucindezela (0.98 - 2.94 MPa), ngesilinganiso samanzi kuya ku-epoxy propane molar ngokuvamile cishe i-20. Nakuba izinga lokuguqulwa kwe-epoxy propane ibe yi-propylene glycol lingafinyelela cishe ku-85%, eminye imikhiqizo ye-polypropylene glycol nayo iyakhiqizwa. Enye indlela i-acid-catalyzed hydrolysis, lapho kufakwa khona inani elincane le-acid catalyst (njenge-sulfuric acid). Ukusabela kwenziwa ekushiseni okuphansi kakhulu (50 - 70°C), futhi umkhiqizo ophumelayo udinga ukususwa futhi uhlanzwe ngezinqubo ezifana ne-vacuum distillation ukuze kutholakale i-propylene glycol ehlanzekile kakhulu.

I-Hydrogenolysis ye-Glycerol Catalytic: I-Glycerol ingasetshenziswa njengento eluhlaza ukukhiqiza i-propylene glycol. Kule ndlela, i-glycerol iqala ngokudalwa kwamaqembu ayo e-hydroxyl, kulandelwe ukuphelelwa amanzi emzimbeni ngaphakathi kwama-molecule ukuze kwakheke imikhiqizo ephakathi njenge-enols kanye ne-keto-aldehyde tautomers. Le mikhiqizo ephakathi ibe seyiba ne-hydrogenation lapho kukhona i-catalyst (njenge-catalyst esekelwe ethusi), ekugcineni ikhiqiza i-1,2-propylene glycol. Le ndlela inenzuzo yokusebenzisa i-feedstock evuselelekayo (i-glycerol), engatholakala emithonjeni efana nokukhiqizwa kwe-biodiesel.

Izindlela ze-Biotechnology: Amanye ama-microorganism, njengezinhlobo ezithile zama-bacteria kanye nemvubelo, angaklanywa ukuze akhiqize i-propylene glycol ngezinqubo zokubilisa. Isibonelo, ngokushintsha izakhi zofuzo i-Escherichia coli noma i-Klebsiella pneumoniae, angenziwa ukuguqula ushukela (njenge-glucose) noma i-glycerol ibe yi-propylene glycol. Le ndlela ye-biotechnological inobungani kakhulu nemvelo uma iqhathaniswa nezindlela zamakhemikhali zendabuko, njengoba isebenza ngaphansi kwezimo ezithambile futhi ingasebenzisa imithombo yekhabhoni evuselelekayo. Kodwa-ke, ukukhiqiza kanye nokusebenza kahle kwalezi zindlela kuseyizindawo zocwaningo olusebenzayo kanye nokuthuthukiswa.

Izinyathelo zokuzivikela

Izinto Okufanele Uzicabangele Ngezempilo: Nakuba i-propylene glycol ngokuvamile ibhekwa njengephephile ukusetshenziswa ekudleni, emithini, nasezimonyweni ngaphakathi kwemingcele evunyelwe, ukuchayeka noma ukugwinya okusezingeni eliphezulu kungaba nemiphumela emibi empilweni. Ukuphuza inani elikhulu kungaholela ezimpawini ezifana nesicanucanu, ukuhlanza, kanye nesifo sohudo. Ezimweni ezimbi kakhulu, kungabangela i-metabolic acidosis, isimo lapho umzimba uqoqa khona i-asidi eningi kakhulu. Ukuthintana kwesikhumba ne-propylene glycol egxilile kungabangela ukucasuka kwabanye abantu, ikakhulukazi labo abanesikhumba esibucayi. Ukuchayeka esikhumbeni isikhathi eside noma esiphindaphindayo kufanele kugwenywe. Uma kusetshenziswa ezindaweni zezimboni, kudingeka umoya ofanele ukuze kuvinjelwe ukuhogela umhwamuko we-propylene glycol, njengoba ukuhogela okuphezulu kungadala ukungakhululeki kokuphefumula.

Izingozi Zomlilo Nokuqhuma: I-Propylene glycol iyasha, yize ine-flash point ephezulu. Umhwamuko wayo ungakha ingxube eqhumayo nomoya ngaphansi kwezimo ezithile. Izindawo zokugcina nokuphatha kufanele zigcinwe kude namalangabi avulekile, izinhlansi, kanye neminye imithombo yokushisa. Izitsha zokugcina ezingamelana nomlilo kanye nemishini yokucindezela umlilo efanele kufanele itholakale ezindaweni lapho kugcinwa noma kusetshenziswa khona i-propylene glycol.
Umthelela Wezemvelo: Nakuba i-propylene glycol ibola, ukukhishwa okukhulu endaweni ezungezile, ikakhulukazi emanzini, kusengaba nomthelela. Ezinhlelweni zasemanzini, ingadla umoya-mpilo njengoba ibola, okungase kuthinte impilo yasemanzini. Ngakho-ke, kufanele kube nezinyathelo ezifanele zokuphatha imfucuza kanye nokulawula ukukhishwa okungalawulwa kwe-propylene glycol endaweni ezungezile.

Imininingwane

Ishidi Lokulawula Ikhwalithi