I-Global - I-Premier Adipic Acid: Ibhloko Ebalulekile Yokwakha Ama-Polymers Namakhemikhali Asebenza Kakhulu
Izakhiwo Zomzimba Nezamakhemikhali
Ukubukeka kanye Nokwakheka: I-Adipic Acid ivame ukubonakala njengempuphu emhlophe, ekristalu noma amakristalu amancane, angenambala. Inokwakheka okubushelelezi futhi ayinaphunga ngaphansi kwezimo ezijwayelekile, okwenza ifaneleke ukusetshenziswa okuhlukahlukene lapho kudingeka khona iphrofayili yezinzwa ezingathathi hlangothi.
Ukuncibilika: Ibonisa ukuncibilika okulingene emanzini, cishe amagremu angu-1.44 ancibilika ku-100 mL wamanzi ku-25°C. Kodwa-ke, incibilika kakhulu ezinyibilikisini eziphilayo ezifana ne-ethanol, i-acetone, ne-benzene. Lokhu kuziphatha kokuncibilika kuyivumela ukuthi ihlanganyele ngempumelelo ezinhlobonhlobo zezimpendulo zamakhemikhali kanye nokwakheka.
Ama-Constant Abalulekile Ezinto Ezibonakalayo: I-Adipic Acid inesisindo se-molar esingu-146.14 g/mol. Ubuningi bayo bucishe bube ngu-1.36 g/cm³ ku-25°C, okuwugqinsi kancane kunamanzi. Iphuzu lokuncibilika kwe-adipic acid lingu-152°C, okubonisa ukuguquka kwayo kusuka esimweni esiqinile kuya esimweni soketshezi ngaphansi kwamazinga okushisa aphezulu. Iphuzu lokubila livela ku-337.5°C, yize ingase iqale ukubola ngaphambi kokufinyelela kuleli phuzu lokushisa ngaphansi kwengcindezi yomoya. Iphuzu layo lokufiphala lingu-207°C, okuphakamisa ukuthi idinga amazinga okushisa aphezulu kanye nemithombo yokushisa ukuze kube yingozi yokusha.
Ukusebenza Kwamakhemikhali: Njenge-dicarboxylic acid, i-adipic acid iqukethe amaqembu amabili asebenzayo e-carboxyl (-COOH), ayinika amandla aphezulu okusabela kwamakhemikhali. Ihlanganyela kalula ekusabeleni kwe-esterification nama-alcohols, yakha ama-ester asetshenziswa kabanzi ekukhiqizweni kwepulasitiki, izinto zokugcoba, kanye namaphunga. Ngaphezu kwalokho, ingasabela ngama-diamines ngokusebenzisa i-condensation polymerization ukuze yakhe ama-polyamides, ikakhulukazi i-nylon 6,6. Lokhu kusabela kwe-polymerization kuyisisekelo sezimboni ze-fiber yokwenziwa kanye nepulasitiki yobunjiniyela. I-Adipic acid ingaphinde ibhekane nokusabela okuncishisiwe ukuze yakhe ama-alcohols ahambisanayo futhi ingasabela nezisekelo ukuze yakhe usawoti, owaziwa ngokuthi ama-adipates.
Izindawo Zokufaka Isicelo
Ukukhiqizwa kwe-Polyamide (Nylon): Ukusetshenziswa okukhulu nokubaluleke kakhulu kwe-adipic acid kusekukhiqizweni kwama-polyamides, ikakhulukazi i-nylon 6,6. Kule nqubo, i-adipic acid isabela ne-hexamethylenediamine ekusabeleni kwe-condensation polymerization. I-nylon 6,6 ephumelayo iyipulasitiki yobunjiniyela esebenza kahle kakhulu eyaziwa ngamandla ayo, ukuqina, ukumelana nokuguguleka, kanye nezakhiwo ezinhle kakhulu zemishini. I-nylon 6,6 isetshenziswa kakhulu embonini yezimoto ezingxenyeni ezifana nezingxenye zenjini, amagiya, nama-bearings. Futhi iyinto ebalulekile embonini yezindwangu, lapho isetshenziselwa khona ukukhiqiza izindwangu zekhwalithi ephezulu zezingubo, amakhaphethi, kanye ne-upholstery ngenxa yamandla ayo, ukuqina, kanye nekhono lokubamba kahle udayi.
Izinto Zokwenza Amapulasitiki kanye Nezinto Zokugcoba: I-Adipic acid isetshenziselwa ukukhiqiza ama-plasticizer asekelwe ku-adipate. Lawa ma-plasticizer anezelwa kuma-polymer, ikakhulukazi i-polyvinyl chloride (PVC), ukuthuthukisa ukuguquguquka kwawo, ukucutshungulwa kwawo, kanye nokuqina kwawo. Ama-plasticizer e-Adipate ayathandwa lapho kudingeka khona ukuguquguquka okuphansi kwezinga lokushisa, njengasekukhiqizweni kokufakwa kwezintambo zezimoto, amapayipi ezokwelapha, kanye nemikhiqizo ye-PVC engangeni kubanda. Ngaphezu kwalokho, ama-ester atholakala ku-adipic acid asetshenziswa njengezithambisi ezisetshenziswayo ezimbonini ezahlukahlukene, ahlinzeka ngezakhiwo ezinhle kakhulu zokulwa nokuguguleka kanye nokungqubuzana, futhi afanele ukusetshenziswa ezinjinini, emagiya, nakwezinye izinhlelo zemishini.
Imboni Yokudla Neziphuzo (Ukusetshenziswa Okungaqondile): Nakuba i-adipic acid ingadliwa ngqo ekudleni, isetshenziswa ekukhiqizeni ukudla - izinto zokuxhumana kanye nemishini yokucubungula ukudla. Ama-ester ayo, uma esetshenziswa ekumbozeni nasezintweni zokubopha ukudla - izinto zokupakisha, asiza ekuqinisekiseni ubuqotho nokuphepha kwemikhiqizo yokudla ngokuvimbela ukungcola nokugcina umkhiqizo uhlanzekile. Ngaphezu kwalokho, ama-polymer asekelwe ku-adipic acid angasetshenziswa ekukhiqizeni izingxenye zemishini ezithinta ukudla ngesikhathi sokucubungula, njengebhande lokuhambisa kanye nezimpawu.
Izimboni Zemithi Nezimonyo: Embonini yezemithi, i-adipic acid ingasetshenziswa njengesithako ekwakhiweni kwemithi. Ingasebenza njenge-ejenti yokubopha ukulawula i-pH yezixazululo zemithi kanye nokumiswa, ukuqinisekisa ukuzinza nokusebenza kahle kwemithi. Embonini yezimonyo, ama-ester e-adipic acid asetshenziswa emikhiqizweni ehlukahlukene, njengokhilimu, ama-lotion, kanye nezindebe zomlomo, ukuthuthukisa ukuthungwa, ukuthuthukisa ukusabalala, kanye nokunikeza izakhiwo ezithambile, okwenza isikhumba sizizwe sithambile futhi sibushelelezi.
Izindlela Zokulungiselela
Ukushiswa kwe-Cyclohexane: Lena yindlela evelele yezimboni yokukhiqiza i-adipic acid. Le nqubo iqala ngokushiswa kwe-cyclohexane lapho kukhona i-catalyst, ngokuvamile i-catalyst esekelwe ku-cobalt. Esigabeni sokuqala sokushiswa kwe-oxidation, i-cyclohexane isabela nomoya noma i-oxygen ukuze yakhe ingxube ye-cyclohexanol ne-cyclohexanone, inqubo eyaziwa ngokuthi "i-KA oil" (i-ketone - alcohol oil). Ukusabela kwenziwa ekushiseni okucishe kube ngu-150 - 160°C kanye nokucindezela okungu-1 - 1.5 MPa. Ngemva kwalokho, i-KA oil ishiswa futhi ekusabeleni kwesigaba sesibili kusetshenziswa i-nitric acid njenge-oxidizing agent, ngokuvamile ekushiseni okungu-60 - 80°C kanye nokucindezela komoya. Le oxidation yesigaba sesibili iguqula i-cyclohexanol ne-cyclohexanone zibe i-adipic acid. Kodwa-ke, le ndlela inezinselele ezithile zemvelo, njengoba ukusetshenziswa kwe-nitric acid kukhiqiza i-nitrous oxide (N₂O), igesi enamandla yokushisa, futhi idinga ukuphathwa ngokucophelela kwemifudlana yemfucuza.
Izindlela Zobuchwepheshe Bezinto Eziphilayo: Eminyakeni yamuva nje, kube nesithakazelo esikhulayo ezindleleni ze-biotechnological zokukhiqiza i-adipic acid njengendlela ehlukile eqhubekayo. Ama-microorganism, njengebhaktheriya noma imvubelo eguqulwe izakhi zofuzo, angasetshenziswa ukuguqula ukudla okuvuselelekayo, njengoshukela noma uwoyela osekelwe ezitshalweni, abe yi-adipic acid ngokusebenzisa uchungechunge lwezindlela ze-metabolic. Isibonelo, amanye amabhaktheriya angaklanywa ukuze akhiqize izinto eziphakathi ezingaguqulwa zibe yi-adipic acid. Ngenkathi lezi zindlela ze-biotechnological zisesesigabeni sokuthuthuka futhi zibhekene nezinselele ezihlobene nokukhiqiza kanye nokusebenza kahle kwezindleko, zinikeza amandla okukhiqizwa kwe-adipic acid enobungani nemvelo futhi eqhubekayo esikhathini esizayo.
Izinyathelo zokuzivikela
Izingozi Zempilo: I-Adipic acid ingabangela ukucasuka kwesikhumba namehlo lapho ithintana ngqo. Ukuchayeka esikhumbeni isikhathi eside noma ngokuphindaphindiwe kungaholela ku-dermatitis, futhi uma ithintana namehlo, ingabangela ukubomvu, ubuhlungu, kanye nomonakalo ongaba khona ku-cornea. Ukuhogela izinhlayiya zothuli ze-adipic acid kungacasula umgudu wokuphefumula, kubangele ukukhwehlela, ukuphefumula kanzima, kanye nokuphelelwa umoya. Ukungenisa inani elikhulu le-adipic acid kungaholela ekungakhululeki kwesisu, okuhlanganisa isicanucanu, ukuhlanza, kanye nesifo sohudo. Izisebenzi eziphethe i-adipic acid kufanele zigqoke imishini yokuzivikela efanele, njengamagilavu, izibuko zokuphepha, kanye nemaski okuphefumula, ikakhulukazi ezindaweni lapho kungenzeka khona ukukhiqiza uthuli.
Izingozi Zomlilo Nokuqhuma: Nakuba i-adipic acid ine-flash point ephezulu, iyasha. Uma isesimweni sempuphu, ingakha izingxube eziqhumayo nomoya uma ihlakazeke ngokwanele. Izindawo zokugcina kufanele zigcinwe kude nemithombo yokushisa, futhi umoya ofanele uyadingeka ukuvimbela ukunqwabelana kothuli. Uma kwenzeka umlilo ohlanganisa i-adipic acid, kufanele kusetshenziswe izinto zokulwa nomlilo ezifanele, njengempuphu yamakhemikhali eyomile noma i-carbon dioxide.
Umthelela Wezemvelo: I-Adipic acid ihlala isikhathi eside endaweni ezungezile. Uma ikhishwa emanzini, ingawohloka yizinto ezincane ngokuhamba kwesikhathi, kodwa amazinga aphezulu angase abe nomthelela empilweni yasemanzini. Ingathinta futhi i-pH yezinhlelo zamanzi ngenxa yemvelo yayo ene-asidi. Ngakho-ke, ukuphathwa kahle kwemfucuza kanye nezinyathelo zokulawula kubalulekile ukuvimbela ukukhishwa okungalawulwa kwe-adipic acid endaweni ezungezile. Izimboni ezikhiqiza noma ezisebenzisa i-adipic acid kudingeka zilandele imithetho eqinile yezemvelo ukuze zinciphise umthelela wayo enhlabathini, emanzini, kanye nasekhwalithini yomoya.
Imininingwane
| Igama Lomkhiqizo | I-Adipic Acid | |||||||||
| Ifomula Yamakhemikhali | C6H10O4 | |||||||||
| Isisindo sama-molecule | 146.14 g/mol | |||||||||
| Ukubukeka | Impuphu emhlophe ekristalu | |||||||||
| Indawo Yokuncibilika | 152 - 153°C | |||||||||
| Indawo Yokubilisa | 337.5°C | |||||||||
| Ubuningi | 1.360 g/cm³ | |||||||||
| INOMBOLO YE-CAS | 124 - 04 - 9 | |||||||||
| Ikhodi ye-HS | 29171200 | |||||||||
| I-EINECS CHA | 204 - 673 - 3 | |||||||||
| Isicelo | Isetshenziselwa ukukhiqizwa kwe-nylon 66, ukwenziwa kwe-polyurethane, kanye nokukhiqizwa kwe-plasticizer | |||||||||
Ishidi Lokulawula Ikhwalithi
| Igama Lomkhiqizo | I-Adipic Acid | ||||||
| ITEM | Imininingwane | Umphumela | |||||
| Ukubukeka | Impuphu emhlophe ekristalu | Impuphu emhlophe ekristalu | |||||
| Okuqukethwe% (m/m）≥ | 99.70 | 99.82 | |||||
| Iphuzu lokuncibilika°C ≥ | 151.5 | 152.6 | |||||
| I-ammonia water chroma, inombolo yombala we-platinum cobalt ≤ | 5 | 2 | |||||
| Umswakama % (m/m) ≤ | 0.20 | 0.18 | |||||
| Umlotha mg / kg ≤ | 7 | 2 | |||||
| I-Fe mg / kg ≤ | 1.0 | 0.2 | |||||
| Okuqukethwe kwe-nitrate mg / kg ≤ | 10.0 | 0.7 | |||||